The Fourth of July marks the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, when the thirteen American colonies declared their independence from British rule. Observers immediately recognized this as the birth of American independence and the foundation of the United States as a sovereign nation. Since the first Independence Day 248 years ago, the United States of America has transformed from an isolated colony to the most powerful country in the history of the world.
The Fourth of July continues to hold deep historical, cultural and symbolic significance for Americans, serving as a reminder of the nation's origins and the values we strive to uphold. With that in mind, here are the most critical Independence Days in U.S. history:
1776: Declaration of Independence
On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress formally adopted the Declaration of Independence, proclaiming the colonies' separation from Great Britain.
- Beyond signing the Declaration of Independence, the Second Continental Congress established the Continental Army and appointed George Washington as its commander-in-chief; drafted and approved the Articles of Confederation, which served as the first constitution of the United States and negotiated crucial military alliances, most notably with France in 1778.
1777: First Celebration
The first annual commemoration took place in Philadelphia with festivities such as fireworks, bonfires and concerts, setting the tradition for future celebrations.
- The celebration also served as a morale booster during the ongoing Revolutionary War, beginning with a public reading of the Declaration of Independence.
- Thirteen cannon shots were fired in the morning and evening, symbolizing the original thirteen colonies.
1826: Deaths of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson
Both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, key figures in the drafting of the Declaration of Independence and former presidents, died on the 50th anniversary of the Declaration, July 4, 1826.
- Despite periods of intense political rivalry, Adams and Jefferson were friends at the time of their deaths, having reconciled and maintained a meaningful correspondence in their later years.
1831: Death of James Monroe
James Monroe, the fifth president of the United States and a Founding Father, also died on July 4, 1831.
- The Monroe Doctrine, one of the most enduring legacies of Monroe's presidency, declared that the Western Hemisphere was off-limits to further European colonization and warned European powers against interfering in the affairs of the newly-independent nations of Latin America. It became a cornerstone of American foreign policy.
1863: Siege of Vicksburg
The Siege of Vicksburg ended on July 4, 1863, marking a pivotal moment in the American Civil War with a significant Union victory.
- After a 47-day siege, Confederate General John C. Pemberton surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, effectively splitting the Confederacy in half by gaining control of the Mississippi River.
- This victory, coupled with the Union win at the Battle of Gettysburg (which concluded on July 3, 1863), greatly diminished the South's capacity to sustain its war effort and marked a turning point in the war.
1884: Statue of Liberty
On July 4, 1884, the people of France formally presented the Statue of Liberty to the United States, symbolizing freedom and democracy.
- The statue was completed in France, disassembled and shipped to the United States in 214 crates. The statue's pedestal, funded by American contributions, was constructed on Liberty Island in New York Harbor.
1903: End of the Philippine-American War
The Philippine–American War, a conflict between the United States and Filipino revolutionaries, officially concluded on this day in 1903.
- The war's origins are linked to the Spanish-American War, where the United States defeated Spain. The Treaty of Paris, signed on December 10, 1898, ended the Spanish-American War and ceded the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico and Cuba to the United States.
Though all but forgotten, the war exacted a grievous toll. Historians generally agree on the following approximations:
- Filipino military casualties: Approximately 20,000 soldiers were killed.
- Filipino civilian casualties: Estimates range from 200,000 to 500,000 civilians, many of whom died from disease, starvation and the war's impact on the local population.
- American military casualties: Approximately 4,200 American soldiers were killed.
1911: Eastern North American Heat Wave
The 1911 Eastern North American heat wave, one of the deadliest and most intense heat waves in North American history, occurred from July 4 to July 13, 1911.
- It affected much of the northeastern United States and parts of eastern Canada, with major cities like New York, Boston and Philadelphia particularly hard hit.
- The heat wave caused significant loss of life, with estimates of up to 2,000 deaths attributed to the extreme temperatures and related causes.
1939: Lou Gehrig's Farewell Speech
Despite being diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a debilitating and terminal illness forcing him into retirement, Lou Gehrig called himself “the luckiest man on the face of the Earth” during his farewell speech at Yankee Stadium on July 4, 1939.
- Gehrig was an essential part of six New York Yankees World Series championship teams and was selected to the All-Star team seven consecutive times (1933-1939).
- His farewell speech remains one of the most iconic moments in sports history, inspiring people facing life-altering circumstances.
1982: Space Shuttle Program Becomes Official
The completion of the fourth and final test flight, STS-4, concluded with the landing of Columbia at Edwards Air Force Base on July 4, 1982. This successful mission led President Reagan to announce the Space Shuttle's operational status formally.
2004: Freedom Tower Cornerstone Laid
The cornerstone of the Freedom Tower, now known as One World Trade Center, was laid on July 4, 2004. This event marked a significant milestone in the reconstruction of the World Trade Center site after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.
- The ceremony was attended by various dignitaries, including New York Governor George Pataki, New Jersey Governor James McGreevey and New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg.
- The 20-ton granite cornerstone, inscribed with the words “To honor and remember those who lost their lives on September 11, 2001, and as a tribute to the enduring spirit of freedom,” symbolized the resilience and determination to rebuild and move forward.
